What is citizenship by descent?

Citizenship by descent (CBD) is the legal right to acquire a country's citizenship through one's ancestors, based on the principle of jus sanguinis (right of blood). Over 90 countries offer some form of citizenship by descent.

Which countries offer citizenship by descent?

Over 90 countries offer CBD. The most accessible include Italy, Ireland, Poland, Germany, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Canada, Spain, and Portugal.

How long does citizenship by descent take?

Timelines vary by country. Italy: 12-36 months. Ireland: 9-18 months. Poland: 12-24 months. Germany: 12-30 months. Mexico: 6-14 months. Brazil: 6-12 months.

Can I have dual citizenship?

In most cases yes. The US, Canada, UK, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Italy, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, and most EU states permit dual citizenship. Notable exceptions: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Japan, China, Singapore.

How much does citizenship by descent cost?

Costs vary by country. Typical all-in fixed fees: Italy $8,000-$25,000, Ireland $4,000-$9,000, Poland $5,000-$15,000, Germany $8,000-$25,000, Mexico $3,000-$8,000, Brazil $3,000-$7,000.

Is the consultation confidential?

Yes. Every consultation is confidential. Nothing you share can be disclosed without your consent. When you're matched with a professional in our network, that professional's own confidentiality and privilege policies apply to your engagement.

How long does the consultation take?

The first consultation is 90 minutes for video and in-office meetings, or 60 minutes for phone calls.

Is the consultation really free?

Yes. The first 90 minutes are confidential, candid, and free of charge. No retainer required.

What should I prepare for the consultation?

Bring whatever you know about your ancestor: full name, date and place of birth, country of origin, emigration date, naturalization status, and any documents you already have.

How quickly will I hear back after requesting a consultation?

We reply to every consultation request within 24 hours, in your timezone.

What consultation formats are available?

We offer private video consultation (90 minutes), in-office meeting (90 minutes, available in New York, Lisbon, and Mexico City), and telephone call (60 minutes).

Do I need to commit to anything after the consultation?

No. The consultation is free and carries no obligation.

What languages are consultations available in?

Case leads are available in seven languages: English, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, German, and Polish.

Foundations

Generational Limit

A generational limit is the maximum number of generations between an applicant and their ancestor through which citizenship can be transmitted.

Last reviewed July 2026 · Part of the Ancestra CBD Glossary (Foundations)

In depth

What Generational Limit means in practice.

A generational limit is the maximum number of generations between an applicant and their ancestor through which citizenship can be transmitted. Countries vary widely:

No generational limit: Italy (jure sanguinis), Poland, Germany (Article 116), Hungary (simplified naturalization), Romania, Bulgaria, Brazil, Israel (Law of Return), Armenia.

Grandparent rule (3rd generation): Ireland (Foreign Births Register), Spain (Memory Law), Portugal, Mexico, Malta, Luxembourg, Cyprus, Greece, Croatia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Lithuania, Czech Republic.

Parent rule (2nd generation): Most other countries — Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, South Africa, Egypt, Morocco, Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, Japan, South Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Myanmar, Vietnam, Cambodia, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, China.

Canada's Bill C-71 (2025) extends to second-generation and beyond with a substantial connection test.

Related terms

Keep learning.

Foundations

Citizenship by Descent

Citizenship by descent (CBD) is the legal right to acquire a country's citizenship through one's ancestors — typically a parent, grandparent, or great-grandparent — without being born in that country, based on the principle of jus sanguinis.

Foundations

Jus Sanguinis

Jus sanguinis (Latin for 'right of blood') is the principle that grants citizenship based on the citizenship of one's parents or ancestors, regardless of where one is born.

Foundations

Jus Soli

Jus soli (Latin for 'right of the soil') grants citizenship based on being born in the territory of the state, regardless of the parents' citizenship.

Foundations

Dual Citizenship

Dual citizenship (also called multiple citizenship) is the status of being a citizen of two or more countries simultaneously, with the rights and obligations of each.

Foundations

Naturalization

Naturalization is the legal process by which a non-citizen acquires the citizenship of a country, typically after meeting residency, language, and integration requirements.

Foundations

Denaturalization

Denaturalization is the legal revocation of a person's citizenship, typically on grounds of fraud, disloyalty, or — historically — persecution.

Ready to apply this to your case?

Run our free 4-minute eligibility check, or book a private consultation. A case lead will explain how Generational Limit applies to your specific situation — in plain language, citing the relevant statute.

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