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Browse all 122 programs
Deep-dive landing pages for every citizenship-by-descent regime we cover — across Europe, Latin America, Canada, Africa, and Asia. Each page covers eligibility, documents, timeline, cost, and how to file.
122 countries shown
Österreichische Staatsbürgerschaft — descent
Austrian citizenship is generally transmitted by descent, but Austria's strict stance on dual citizenship means applicants often must renounce their current nationality.
Belgian nationality — descent (Code de la nationalité)
Belgian nationality passes by descent to children of Belgian nationals, with options for grandchildren under certain conditions.
Българско гражданство — по произход
Bulgarian citizenship by descent is available to children and grandchildren of Bulgarian citizens by origin.
Hrvatsko državljanstvo — po podrijetlu
Croatian citizenship by descent is available to ethnic Croat descendants and to children of Croatian citizens.
Κυπριακή υπηκοότητα — descent
Cypriot citizenship by descent is generously extended to children of Cypriot nationals, with provisions for grandchildren through registration.
České občanství — derivation
Czech citizenship by descent was significantly expanded by the 2019 amendment, allowing second-generation descendants and certain prior Czechoslovak citizens to claim citizenship.
Dansk indfødsret — descent
Danish citizenship by descent is transmitted through Danish parents, with the 2014 amendment remedying several historical gender inequities.
Eesti kodakondsus — päritolu
Estonian citizenship by descent is uniquely generous: descendants of Estonian citizens as of 1918–1940 may qualify, with restored continuity after Soviet occupation.
Suomen kansalaisuus — syntyperä
Finnish citizenship by descent is transmitted through Finnish parents, with the 2003 amendment extending eligibility to children of Finnish mothers who lost citizenship through marriage before 1963.
Nationalité française — filiation
French nationality by descent follows a droits du sang (right of blood) principle.
Article 116 GG · StAG §15 restitution
For descendants of those persecuted under the Nazi regime (1933–1945), Article 116 of the Basic Law provides a constitutional right to German citizenship.
Ελληνική ιθαγένεια — descent
Greek citizenship by descent is transmitted through Greek parents, with the 2015 amendment enabling registration of children born abroad.
Magyar állampolgárság — simplified naturalization
Hungarian citizenship by descent is available under simplified naturalization for descendants of Hungarian nationals, with no generational limit, provided basic Hungarian language is demonstrated.
Foreign Births Register — grandparent rule
If you have one Irish-born grandparent, you are eligible for the Foreign Births Register.
Jure sanguinis — no generational limit
The most accessible CBD regime in Europe.
Latvijas pilsonība — izcelsme
Latvian citizenship by descent is available to descendants of Latvian citizens as of 1918–1940, with restored continuity after Soviet occupation.
Lietuvos pilietybė — kilmė
Lithuanian citizenship by descent is available to descendants of Lithuanian citizens who held citizenship between 1918–1940, with the 2023 amendment expanding eligibility to descendants of those who emigrated before 1990.
Nationalité luxembourgeoise — descent
Luxembourgish citizenship by descent was significantly expanded by the 2017 reform (Article 7), allowing descendants of Luxembourg emigrants (1890–1940 era) to reclaim citizenship.
Maltese citizenship — descent
Maltese citizenship by descent is generously extended to children and grandchildren of Maltese nationals.
Nederlandse nationaliteit — afstamming
Dutch citizenship by descent is transmitted through Dutch parents, with the 2003 amendment introducing restrictions that the 2010 'option' procedure partly remedied.
Confirmation of Polish citizenship
Polish citizenship passes by blood without limit, but the historical overlay (partitions, WWII, emigration) creates documentation gaps.
Nacionalidade portuguesa — Sephardic & descent
Portuguese citizenship is available to descendants of Sephardic Jews expelled in the Inquisition, and to children/grandchildren of Portuguese nationals under the 2020 amendment.
Cetățenia română — descendenți
Romanian citizenship by descent is available to descendants of Romanian citizens up to the third generation, with the 1991 Citizenship Law providing the framework.
Slovenské občianstvo — pôvod
Slovak citizenship by descent is available to children of Slovak citizens, with the 2022 amendment extending eligibility to grandchildren under certain conditions.
Slovensko državljanstvo — poreklo
Slovenian citizenship by descent is available to children and grandchildren of Slovenian citizens, with the 2017 amendment clarifying eligibility for descendants of pre-1991 Yugoslav-era Slovenians.
Ley de Memoria Democrática · descent
The 2022 Ley de Memoria Democrática opened Spanish citizenship to descendants of exiles from the Civil War and Franco era.
Svenskt medborgarskap — härstamning
Swedish citizenship by descent is transmitted through Swedish parents, with recent reforms remedying historical gender inequities (pre-1979 cases).
Shtetësia shqiptare — descent
Albanian citizenship by descent is available to children and grandchildren of Albanian nationals.
Հայոց քաղաքացիություն — descent
Armenian citizenship by descent (special residency leading to citizenship) is available to ethnic Armenians and descendants of Armenian citizens.
Australian Citizenship Act — descent
Australian citizenship by descent is available to children of Australian citizens born abroad.
Грамадзянство Беларусі — паходжанне
Belarusian citizenship by descent is available to children of Belarusian citizens.
Državljanstvo Bosne i Hercegovine — porijeklo
Bosnian citizenship by descent is available to children of Bosnian citizens, with the Ministry of Civil Affairs handling filings.
საქართველოს მოქალაქეობა — წარმოშობა
Georgian citizenship by descent is available to children and grandchildren of Georgian citizens.
Íslenskt ríkisfang — ætt
Icelandic citizenship by descent is transmitted through Icelandic parents, with the 2003 amendment remedying historical gender inequities.
Shtetësia e Kosovës — prejardhja
Kosovan citizenship by descent is available to children of Kosovan citizens.
Cetățenia Republicii Moldova — origine
Moldovan citizenship by descent is available to children and grandchildren of Moldovan citizens, with provisions for descendants of Bessarabian Romanians.
Crnogorsko državljanstvo — porijeklo
Montenegrin citizenship by descent is available to children and grandchildren of Montenegrin citizens.
New Zealand Citizenship Act — descent
New Zealand citizenship by descent is available to children of New Zealand citizens born abroad.
Државјанство — потекло
North Macedonian citizenship by descent is available to children and grandchildren of Macedonian citizens.
Norsk statsborgerskap — nedstamming
Norwegian citizenship by descent is transmitted through Norwegian parents, with new rules (2020) requiring children born abroad to apply before age 22.
Гражданство РФ — по рождению
Russian citizenship by descent is available to children of Russian citizens, with simplified naturalization for grandchildren.
Državljanstvo Srbije — poreklo
Serbian citizenship by descent is available to children and grandchildren of Serbian citizens.
Schweizer Bürgerrecht — Abstammung
Swiss citizenship by descent is available to children of Swiss nationals born abroad under certain conditions.
Türk vatandaşlığı — soy bağı
Turkish citizenship by descent is available to children of Turkish citizens, with no generational limit through the father.
Громадянство України — за походженням
Ukrainian citizenship by descent is available to children and grandchildren of Ukrainian citizens.
British Nationality Act — descent & double descent
British nationality law is famously intricate.
Nacionalidad por opción
Children of Argentines may opt for nationality, and grandchildren may apply through federal court.
Belizean nationality — descent
Belizean citizenship by descent is available to children of Belizean nationals.
Nacionalidad por descendencia
Bolivian citizenship by descent is available to children of Bolivian nationals.
Nacionalidade por filiação
Brazilian nationality passes by filiation without limit.
Nacionalidad por descendencia
Chilean citizenship by descent is available to children of Chilean nationals, with grandparent paths in certain eras.
Doble nacionalidad por sangre
Colombian citizenship by descent is available to children of Colombian nationals.
Nacionalidad por descendencia
Costa Rican citizenship by descent is available to children of Costa Rican nationals.
Nacionalidad por nacimiento y descendencia
Cuban citizenship by descent is available to children of Cuban nationals, with special provisions for those born abroad.
Nacionalidad por descendencia
Dominican citizenship by descent is available to children of Dominican nationals.
Nacionalidad por descendencia
Ecuadoran citizenship by descent is available to children of Ecuadoran nationals.
Nacionalidad por descendencia
Salvadoran citizenship by descent is available to children of Salvadoran nationals.
Nacionalidad por descendencia
Guatemalan citizenship by descent is available to children of Guatemalan nationals.
Nacionalidad por descendencia
Honduran citizenship by descent is available to children of Honduran nationals.
Nacionalidad por descendencia
Children and grandchildren of Mexican nationals by birth may claim Mexican nationality.
Nacionalidad por descendencia
Nicaraguan citizenship by descent is available to children of Nicaraguan nationals.
Nacionalidad por descendencia
Panamanian citizenship by descent is available to children of Panamanian nationals.
Nacionalidad por descendencia
Paraguayan citizenship by descent is available to children of Paraguayan nationals.
Nacionalidad por descendencia
Peruvian citizenship by descent is available to children of Peruvian nationals.
US citizenship via Jones-Shafroth Act · descent
Puerto Ricans are US citizens by birth under the Jones-Shafroth Act of 1917.
Nacionalidad por descendencia
Uruguayan citizenship by descent is available to children of Uruguayan nationals.
Nacionalidad por descendencia
Venezuelan citizenship by descent is available to children of Venezuelan nationals.
Citizenship Act §3(1)(b) · Bill C-71
First-generation born abroad are citizens by right.
Reinstatement · retroactive grants
For 'Lost Canadians' — those who lost or never received citizenship due to outdated provisions — we file under the reinstatement and remedial provisions of the Citizenship Act.
Nationalité algérienne — filiation
Algerian citizenship by descent follows paternal filiation by default, with reforms extending maternal-line transmission.
Nacionalidade angolana — filiação
Angolan citizenship by descent is available to children of Angolan nationals.
Nationalité camerounaise — filiation
Cameroonian citizenship by descent is available to children of Cameroonian nationals.
Nationalité congolaise — filiation
Congolese citizenship by descent is available to children of Congolese nationals.
Nationalité ivoirienne — filiation
Ivorian citizenship by descent is available to children of Ivorian nationals.
Citizenship by descent
Ethiopian citizenship by descent is available to children of Ethiopian nationals.
Citizenship by birth & descent
Ghanaian citizenship by descent is available to children and grandchildren of Ghanaian nationals.
Citizenship by descent
Kenyan citizenship by descent is available to children of Kenyan nationals.
Nationality by descent
Libyan citizenship by descent is available to children of Libyan nationals.
Nationalité malgache — filiation
Malagasy citizenship by descent is available to children of Malagasy nationals.
Nationalité marocaine — filiation
Moroccan nationality law follows paternal filiation with recent maternal-line reforms.
Nacionalidade moçambicana — filiação
Mozambican citizenship by descent is available to children of Mozambican nationals.
Citizenship by birth & descent
Nigerian citizenship by descent is available to children and grandchildren of Nigerian nationals.
Nationalité sénégalaise — filiation
Senegalese citizenship by descent is available to children of Senegalese nationals.
Citizenship Act — descent & naturalization
Children of South African citizens by birth may claim citizenship by descent.
Nationality by descent
Sudanese citizenship by descent is available to children of Sudanese nationals.
Citizenship by descent
Tanzanian citizenship by descent is available to children of Tanzanian nationals.
Nationalité tunisienne — filiation
Tunisian citizenship by descent follows paternal filiation with maternal-line provisions.
Citizenship by descent
Ugandan citizenship by descent is available to children and grandchildren of Ugandan nationals.
Citizenship by descent
Zimbabwean citizenship by descent is available to children of Zimbabwean nationals.
Tabeiyat by descent
Afghan citizenship by descent follows the patriarchal line with provisions for maternal transmission.
Bahraini nationality — descent (paternal)
Bahraini citizenship by descent is transmitted strictly through the father.
Nationality by descent
Egyptian nationality passes through the father by default, with reforms extending maternal-line transmission.
Tabeiyat by descent (paternal)
Iranian citizenship passes through the father by default; maternal-line transmission is restricted.
Citizenship by descent
Iraqi citizenship by descent is available to children of Iraqi nationals.
Law of Return · descent
The Law of Return grants Israeli citizenship to Jews, their children, grandchildren, and spouses.
Citizenship by descent
Jordanian citizenship by descent is available to children of Jordanian nationals (with paternal-line transmission).
Kuwaiti nationality — descent (paternal)
Kuwait heavily guards its nationality laws and passes citizenship strictly through the paternal bloodline.
Citizenship by descent (paternal)
Lebanese citizenship passes through the father; a historical law prevents Lebanese mothers from passing citizenship to children.
Omani nationality — descent (paternal, conditional grandparent exception)
Omani citizenship by descent follows the paternal line (1 generation).
Qatari nationality — descent (paternal)
Qatari citizenship by descent is transmitted strictly through the father.
Citizenship by descent (restricted)
Saudi citizenship by descent is restrictive; Saudi Arabia does not generally grant citizenship by descent alone.
Citizenship by descent (paternal)
Syrian citizenship passes through the father; maternal-line transmission is restricted.
UAE citizenship — descent (paternal)
UAE citizenship by descent is transmitted through the father.
Citizenship by descent
Bangladeshi citizenship by descent is available to children of Bangladeshi nationals.
Citizenship by descent
Cambodian citizenship by descent is available to children of Cambodian nationals, with special considerations for those of Khmer origin.
Citizenship by descent (restrictive)
Chinese citizenship by descent is restrictive — China does not generally recognize dual citizenship.
OCI · PIO · descent registration
While India does not permit full dual citizenship, the Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) card grants lifelong residency and most economic rights to persons of Indian origin.
Citizenship by descent (limited dual)
Indonesian citizenship by descent is available to children of Indonesian nationals, with limited dual citizenship for children of mixed marriages until age 18.
Nationality by birth & notification
Japanese citizenship by descent is available to children of Japanese nationals born abroad, subject to notification within tight windows.
Citizenship by descent
Kazakh citizenship by descent is available to children of Kazakh nationals, with provisions for ethnic Kazakhs (oralman) abroad.
Special Naturalization · descent
Korean nationality law permits special naturalization for persons with a Korean parent or grandparent.
Citizenship by descent
Malaysian citizenship by descent is available to children of Malaysian nationals, with restrictions for those born abroad.
Citizenship by descent
Mongolian citizenship by descent is available to children of Mongolian nationals.
Citizenship by descent
Myanmar citizenship by descent is available to children of Myanmar nationals, with the 1982 Citizenship Law defining categories.
Citizenship by descent
Nepali citizenship by descent is available to children of Nepali nationals, with the 2006 amendment expanding maternal-line eligibility.
Citizenship by descent
Pakistani citizenship by descent is available to children of Pakistani nationals.
Citizenship by descent (RA 9225)
The Citizenship Retention and Re-acquisition Act of 2003 allows natural-born Filipinos who lost citizenship to take an oath of allegiance, and extends to their unmarried children.
Citizenship by descent
Singaporean citizenship by descent is available to children of Singaporean nationals born abroad, subject to registration.
Citizenship by descent
Sri Lankan citizenship by descent is available to children of Sri Lankan nationals.
Citizenship by descent · household registration
Taiwanese citizenship by descent operates under the Household Registration system.
Citizenship by descent
Thai citizenship by descent is available to children of Thai nationals, with paternal-line transmission being simpler than maternal-line.
Citizenship by descent
Vietnamese citizenship by descent is available to children of Vietnamese nationals.
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